Wireless Telecommunications
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Introduction to CTNS Telecommunications Certification Course L2106 "Wireless Telecommunications"

Welcome to Teracom’s Online Course "Wireless Telecommunications". This free online telecom training course lesson is the introduction to the course.

To get started, in this introductory lesson, we'll first go through the lessons and topics we are going to cover one-by-one, introducing ideas and showing how each lesson builds on the previous.

Next in this lesson, we'll go over the learning objectives of this course: what you will be able to do after taking this course, and the knowledge skills you will gain.

With an understanding of what we are going to cover in this course in place, the third part of this lesson is a technical introduction to radio communications – fundamental concepts, characteristics and applications.

The fourth part of this lesson is instructions for using the Learning Management System, and concludes with a very simple quiz question.

Wireless Telecommunications is part of the CTNS Certification Package, a set of six courses plus Certified Telecommunications Network Specialist (CTNS) certification from the Telecommunications Certification Organization (TCO).

 
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Lesson Notes
Objectives
The objective of this course is to develop a solid understanding of mobile cellular communications networks and technologies.

After taking this course, you will be up to speed on the fundamental principles of cellular radio networks, components and operation, digital radio, spectrum-sharing technologies and the four generations of mobile cellular technology. An additional objective is a basic understanding of WiFi and satellites.

In particular, on completion of this course, you will be able to:

  • Describe the basic concepts of a mobile communication system, indentifying the principal components, the objectives of coverage, capacity and mobility, and the operation including registration and handoffs.
  • Explain what “cellular” means and why radio systems are designed as cellular systems.
  • Explain how digital cellular can be used for what used to be called “data” (now basically Internet access), using a phone as a tethered modem to connect a computer for internet access, using a phone as a WiFi hotspot for other computers, or of course surfing the web and using apps directly from a smartphone.
  • Explain the principles and describe the operation of the different spectrum-sharing technologies: first-generation FDMA, second-generation TDMA vs. CDMA, third-generation 1X CDMA vs. UMTS CDMA and fourth-generation LTE and its OFDM.
  • Explain the basics of 802.11 wireless LANs, WiFi and hotspots and compare and contrast that to cellular radio.
  • Describe the two basic strategies for communication satellites and the pros and cons of each.
 
Steve Jobs and the iPhone
Steve Jobs and the iPhone

List of lessons
This course is comprised of the following lessons:

Lesson 1.  Course Introduction.
The first lesson begins the course with an overview of the course and lessons, plus general radio principles. This lesson is available for free on teracomtraining.com (click on the “Online Courses” tab);
it provides both a walkthrough of the course and a sample of the quality of the course graphics, text and presentation.

Lesson 2.  Mobile Network Components, Jargon and Basic Operation
The basic components  and operation of a mobile communication network, including handset, airlink, antennas, base station, transceiver, mobile switch, backhaul, registration and handoffs.

Lesson 3.  Cellular Principles and AMPS (1G)
In this lesson, we’ll begin with the requirements on the communication system: mobility, coverage and capacity, then cover the idea of a cellular radio system, and how it is used to meet the coverage requirement, how frequency-division multiplexing was used to meet the capacity requirement in the first generation of “cellular”, called AMPS in North America, the implications of a handoff to implement mobility, and end the lesson with the limitations of the first generation and room for improvement.

Lesson 4.  2G: Digital Radio - Voice Communications
2G cellular involved a change to digital radio, and also saw the emergence of warring factions with different views of how the spectrum should be shared.  In this lesson, we’ll examine the components of a digital radio system at a block diagram level to understand just what exactly someone means when they say “digital” radio and key aspects of the second generation of cellular.

Lesson 5.  Digital Cellular: Data Communications
Next, we’ll understand how a system designed to carry digitized speech using modems, which was the subject of the last lesson, can be employed to carry anything coded into 1s and 0s. We’ll see how a “data terminal” can plug into the block diagram of the previous lesson and what it connects to, and the difference between using a cellphone as a tethered modem vs. using the cellphone as a terminal.

Lesson 6. Spectrum-Sharing Technologies: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDM
Cellphones transmit and receive signals over shared radio bands. To separate users so that they do not interfere with one another, nor hear each other’s conversations, service providers use one of four radio band or spectrum sharing methods: Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM). In this lesson, we’ll begin to sort out these technologies. We’ll explain how FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and OFDM work, and in this lesson how they were deployed for first and second generation with names like AMPS, GSM, TDMA (IS-136), and 2G CDMA (IS-95). In subsequent lessons, we’ll take a closer look at CDMA for third generation (UMTS and 1X), then 4G LTE which uses OFDM.

Lesson 7. 3G Cellular: CDMA
In this lesson, we’ll cover 3G mobile cellular radio technologies: how the quest for an international standard to resolve the I-95 CDMA vs. GSM TDMA incompatibility led to a Frankenstein standard called IMT-2000, with five incompatible variations for implementing 3G, and how two of them were of most interest: IMT-MC, also known as 1X, and IMT-DS, also known as UMTS, both employing CDMA technology.  We’ll cover the data-optimized variations of the two, 1XEV-DO and HSPA respectively, and the capitulation of the 1X camp to the UMTS camp’s plan for 4G – probably pushed past the tipping point by Steve Jobs and his iPhone –  and how that led to the widespread deployment of HSPA for 3G.

Lesson 8. 4G Mobile Cellular
In the last lesson on mobility, we’ll explore the technology that emerged as the consensus for 4G: the fourth generation of mobile cellular radio communications, called LTE, and the spectrum-sharing technology it employs called OFDM.

Lesson 9. 802.11 Wireless LANs – WiFi
Here, we provide an overview of the 802.11 wireless LAN standards, sometimes referred to as WiFi and hotspots. We concentrate on understanding the variations of 802.11, the frequency bands they operate in, bit rates to be expected and practical issues.
Since 802.11 is wireless LANs, there are a number of associated topics: LAN frames, also called MAC frames, MAC addresses, LAN switches, IP addresses, routers and network address translation.  Those topics are covered in other courses, particularly “Ethernet, LANs and VLANs”, “Introduction to Datacom and Networking” and “IP Networks, Routers and Addresses”.  In this course, we concentrate on radio.

Lesson 10. Communication Satellites
In this last lesson of the course, we will take a quick overview of communication satellites, understanding the basic principles and the advantages and disadvantages of the two main strategies: Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and Low Earth Orbit.

Multiple-Choice Course Exam

Technical Introduction
When we say “wireless”, we generally mean the use of radio, which is electromagnetic waves at frequencies measured in the GigaHertz (GHz), that is, vibrating 109 or a billion times per second. 

We could, in theory, be discussing electromagnetic energy vibrating on the order of 1014, hundreds of trillion times per second (this is called light); but one of the problems we have to deal with in wireless communications is obstacles.

It turns out that the higher the frequency, the longer distance it takes for energy to refract or bend around an object.

Light does refract around objects – this is how we can tell there are planets around other suns – but the length of the shadowed area behind the object is too long for use on a terrestrial scale.
If we reduce the frequency of the energy, the length of the shadow behind an obstacle shortens.

In addition, lower-frequency energy can penetrate through objects like walls and clouds more easily (there’s a reason why fog horns are very low frequency).

For these reasons, we tend to use energy at GigaHertz frequencies, two or three hundred thousand times lower than light, and call it radio.

So we will be discussing communications centered at GigaHertz frequencies, in frequency bands with widths measured in the MegaHertz (MHz).

Radio is used in many different kinds of systems with different applications, including everything from demagogues broadcasting angry rants on talk radio shows using analog AM, to mobile cellular systems for telephone calls, web surfing and possibly watching video, trunked radio for police communications, fixed wireless to remote residences, short-range wireless LANs, geosynchronous communication satellites, Low Earth Orbit satellites and more.

Video broadcast, two-way voice communications and point-to-point digital microwave communications were the biggest applications for radio in the past.  Mobile voice and data communications is a significant business in the present.  In the future, wireless will be ubiquitous.     

To represent information, we could take a single pure frequency (called a carrier frequency) and vary the amplitude (volume) of the carrier frequency in a continuous fashion as an analog of the sound coming out of the speaker’s mouth, or vary the frequency of the carrier as an analog of the sound.  These are called Amplitude Modulation (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) respectively.

When we wish to represent 1s and 0s, we have a more complex task.  Since radio bands do not include zero Hertz, sometimes called DC, pulses can not be used to represent 1s and 0s as on copper wires.  Instead, it is necessary to use techniques similar to those used in telephone line modems to represent the 1s and 0s, such as shifting back and forth between specific amplitudes, frequencies or phases, or combinations thereof.

Certified Telecommunications Network Specialist (CTNS) Certification Package
ctns certificate
Online courses and certification covering the core knowledge needed for telecommunications today:
  checkmark POTS and The PSTN
  checkmark Wireless Telecommunications
  checkmark The OSI Layers and Protocol Stacks
  checkmark Ethernet, LANs and VLANs
  checkmark IP Networks, Routers and Addresses
  checkmark MPLS and Carrier Networks
bullet Get unlimited repeats with the Unlimited Plan
bullet TCO Certification, Certificate and Letter of Reference
bullet Based on Teracom's famous training
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Based on Teracom's proven training used by hundreds of telecom companies and major organizations, you will benefit from decades of knowledge, insight and experience distilled into clear lessons, logically organized to build one concept on another.
Join our satisfied customers including:
at&t verizon bell canada microsoft intel cisco gsa cox cable
the FBI Training Academy, US Marine Corps Communications School, US Army, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, CIA, IRS, CRA, CRTC, RCMP,
banks, power companies, police forces, manufacturers, government, local and regional telcos, cablecos and many, many more. 
Courses Included in the CTNS Package
The CTNS package will give you a well-rounded, solid, structured understanding of telecommunications, including traditional telephony, wireless and IP telecommunications. This package includes six courses plus your CTNS certification, certificate, letter of reference and all of the other great benefits of TCO Certification:
L2101 POTS and The PSTN
Loops and Trunks • Circuit-Switching • LECs and IXCs • Analog • Voiceband • DTMF • SS7
outline brochure course introduction sample lesson: the voiceband
L2106 Wireless Telecommunications
Mobility • Cellular Networks • GSM and TDMA • UMTS and 1X CDMA • LTE • WiFi • Satellite
outline brochure course introduction sample lesson: 3g cellular and cdma
L2112 The OSI Layers and Protocol Stacks
Protocols & Standards • OSI Model • Layers • Protocol Stacks • FedEx Analogy
outline brochure course introduction sample lesson: protocols and standards
L2111 Ethernet, LANs and VLANs
MAC Addresses • 802.3 and Ethernet • Broadcast Domains • Cables • Switches • VLANs
outline brochure course introduction sample lesson: LAN cables
L2113 IP Networks, Routers and Addresses
Packet Networks • Routers & Routing • IP Address Classes • DHCP & NAT • IPv6
outline brochure course introduction sample lesson: NAT
L2114 MPLS and Carrier Networks
Carrier Packet Networks • Technologies • MPLS • SLAs • CoS • Integration & Aggregation
outline brochure course introduction sample lesson: TCP/IP over MPLS
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Career-enhancing knowledge
This training and certification is an ideal way to implement a major career-enhancing upgrade to your existing knowledge,
or to prepare for a job in the telecommunications business.
Team training
This set of courses is also a highly cost-effective and consistent way for managers to get team members up to a common speed with measurable results. The myTeracom Learning Management System provides management reports showing your team's progress with a few clicks of the mouse.
Self-paced training
The courses and their lessons can be done at your own pace. There are no time limits for completing a lesson and moving to the next one. The courses may be done in any order.
Guaranteed to pass with the Unlimited Plan
Choose the Unlimited Plan for unlimited repeats of courses and exams - which means guaranteed to pass if you're willing to learn, plus the ability to retake courses to refresh your knowledge in the future.
Certification exams optional
On the other hand, if you like this discounted package of courses, but don't need the certification – or don't feel like writing exams – no problem! Take the package, benefit from the training and the discount and simply skip the exams.
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CTNS Certification Courses Overview
Like Teracom's famous core training Course 101 "Telecom, Datacom and Networking for Non-Engineers", our very popular core training DVD-Video packages and the Telecom 101 textbook, the CTNS Certification Package begins with the Public Switched Telephone Network and Wireless Telecommunications before four courses on IP telecommunications.
If you are interested only in IP telecommunications, the CIPTS: Certified IP Telecom Network Specialist package may be appropriate, as it skips the traditional telephony and wireless and goes directly to the IP telecommunications courses.
If your goal is to build a full, rounded knowledge of telecommunications, then understanding the history, structure and operation of the telephone network built over the past 135 years or more is the starting point for everything else.
 
The CTNS package begins with Course L2101 POTS and the PSTN
We begin with a history lesson, understanding how and why telephone networks and the companies that provide them are organized into local access and inter-city transmission, or as we will see, Local Exchange Carriers (LECs) and Inter-Exchange Carriers (IXCs).
Then we will establish a basic model for the PSTN and understand its main components: Customer Premise, Central Office, loop, trunk, outside plant, circuit switching, attenuation, loop length, remotes, and why knowledge of the characteristics of the loop remains essential knowledge even though we are moving to Voice over IP.
Next, we'll cover aspects of telephony and Plain Ordinary Telephone Service, including analog, the voiceband, twisted pair, supervision and signaling including DTMF. The course is completed with an overview of SS7, the control system for the telephone network in the US and Canada.
On completion of this course, you will be able to draw a model of the PSTN, identify all of its components and technologies from voiceband analog to fiber to the neighborhood, and explain the characteristics and operation of POTS, the principal service.
The next course in the CTNS package is Course L2106 Wireless Telecommunications
In many parts of the world, particularly outside Canada, the US and Western Europe, this is the physical telephone network, as deploying radio transceivers is far cheaper than embarking on a new project to pull copper wires and/or fiber to every residence.
Most of this course is devoted to mobile wireless telecommunications. We begin with basic concepts and terminology including base stations and transceivers, mobile switches and backhaul, handoffs, cellular radio concepts and digital radio concepts.
Then, we cover spectrum-sharing technologies and their variations in chronological order: GSM/TDMA vs. CDMA for second generation, 1X vs. UMTS CDMA for third generation along with their data-optimized 1XEV-DO and HSPA, how Steve Jobs ended the standards wars with the iPhone and explaining the OFDM spectrum-sharing method of LTE for 4G.
This course is completed with a lesson on WiFi, or more precisely, 802.11 wireless LANs, and a lesson on satellite communications.
On completion of this course, you will be able to draw a model of a cellular wireless telecommunications network, identify all of its components and technologies from handset to mobile switch, and explain the characteristics and operation of FDMA, TDMA, CDMA and OFDMA, and how each was deployed for AMPS, GSM, UMTS and LTE. You will also be able to explain WiFi, the frequencies used and the different 802.11 standards, and the similarities and differences between LEO and GEO satellites.
The remaining four courses in the CTNS package are on the "IP" telecommunications network and its three main enabling technologies: Ethernet, IP and MPLS, and beginning with the OSI model and its layers to establish a framework.
If you'd prefer to take just these four "IP" courses, please check out the Certified IP Telecom Network Specialist package.
Course L2112 The OSI Layers and Protocol Stacks
This course establishes a framework for all of the subsequent discussions: the OSI 7-Layer Reference Model, which identifies and divides the functions to be performed into groups called layers. This framework is required to sort out the many functions that need to be performed, and to be able to discuss separate issues separately.
First, we'll define the term "protocol" and compare that to a standard. Then we'll define "layer" and how a layered architecture operates, and provide an overview of the name, purpose and function of each of the seven layers in the OSI model.
Then, we'll go back through the story more slowly, with one lesson for each of the layers, examining in greater detail the functions that have to be performed and giving examples of protocols and how and where they are used to implement particular layers.
The result is a protocol stack, one protocol on top of another on top of another to fulfill all of the required functions. To make this more understandable, this course ends with the famous FedEx Analogy illustrating the concepts using company-to-company communications, and an analogy of Babushka dolls to illustrate how the protocol headers are nested at the bits level.
On completion of this course, you will be able to define a protocol and differentiate that from a standard, explain why a layered architecture is required, list the seven layers of the OSI model, the name, purpose and functions of each one, and explain how a protocol stack operates and where the protocol headers are located.
Next is Course L2111 Ethernet, LANs and VLANs – which could also be titled "Layer 2"
As we will have established in the previous course, Layer 2 is all about communications between two devices that are on the same circuit, or more precisely, in the same broadcast domain. It turns out that this is implemented by moving frames with link addresses over physical connections following the 802 series of standards, colloquially referred to as Ethernet, MAC frames and MAC addresses.
We'll begin with the original LAN: Ethernet and its bus topology, defining "broadcast domain" and explaining its fundamental operation and characteristics: CSMA-CD access control, MAC addresses and MAC frames.
Then we'll cover the IEEE 802 standards and the evolution of Ethernet from 10BASE-T to Gig-E, LAN cables and the TIA-568 cable categories, basic cabling design; what "bridging" means and how a LAN switch works.
This course is completed with the important concept of VLANs: defining broadcast domains in software, a key part of basic network security practice.
On completion of this course, you will be able to define a broadcast domain, explain Ethernet and the 802 standards, MAC addresses, LANs and VLANs, the jargon and buzzwords, the underlying ideas, and how it all works together to move data between two devices in the same broadcast domain.
Then Course L2113 IP Networks, Routers and Addresses – which could also be titled "Layer 3"
This is a comprehensive course on Layer 3 of the OSI Model, concentrating on IP addresses, routers and packets. We begin with the two basic principles of packet networks: bandwidth on demand, also known as overbooking or statistical multiplexing; and packet-switching, also known as packet forwarding or routing.
We'll understand what routers do and where they are located, routing tables and the basic operation of a router and the standard strategy deploying an edge router between the LANs and the WAN at each location.
Then we'll cover IP version 4: address classes and how they are assigned to Regional Internet Registries then ISPs then end-users, dotted-decimal notation, static addresses, dynamic addresses and DHCP, public addresses, private addresses and NAT.
The course concludes with IPv6: the IPv6 packet and changes from IPv4, IPv6 address allocations and assignments and end up understanding how IPv6 subnets will be assigned to broadcast domains and 18 billion billion addresses per residence.
On completion of this course, you will be able to define bandwidth on demand and its advantages, what a router does, the basic structure of a routing table, where routers are located, define the IPv4 address structure and dotted-decimal notation, explain how both static and dynamic addresses are assigned using DHCP, what private addresses are and how they are interfaced to the public IP network, and the structure, allocation and assignment of IPv6 addresses.
The last course in this certification package is Course L2114 MPLS and Carrier Networks
This is an extensive and comprehensive course devoted to the structure, components and operation of carrier packet networks and services, how they are implemented, packaged and marketed, and how they are used by government, business and other carriers.
The IP packets and routing of the previous course is one part of the story. Performance guarantees, and methods for quality of service, traffic management, aggregation and integration is another big part of the story, particularly once we leave the lab and venture into the real world and the business of telecommunications services.
We'll begin by establishing a basic model for a customer obtaining service from a provider, defining Customer Edge, Provider Edge, access and core, and a Service Level Agreement: traffic profile vs. transmission characteristics.
Next, we'll understand virtual circuits, a powerful tool used for traffic management and variations like connection-oriented vs. connectionless communications and reliable vs. unreliable network services.
With the fundamentals in place, we will survey the different technologies used to implement this in practice: Frame Relay, ATM and MPLS, explaining the equipment, jargon and principles of operation, and the advantages each technology has over the previous. In particular, we'll understand the big advantage of MPLS over Frame Relay in the user-network interface.
Once we've covered all of the components of an MPLS network and its operation, we'll see how MPLS is used to implement Diff-Serv, i.e. different classes of service, how MPLS is used to implement integration or "convergence" of services onto a single network service, and how MPLS is used to aggregate traffic for management.
The course is completed with a lesson on "MPLS service", and how that compares to Internet service.
On completion of this course, you will be able to draw a model for a service provider's network, define the terms Customer Edge and Provider Edge, explain what a traffic profile is and how that relates to a Service Level Agreement, how Frame Relay got its name, what ATM is and why it is on the way out, the purpose, components, terminology and operation of MPLS, and how MPLS can be used to implement integration or convergence, aggregation and differentiated classes of service – what people mean when they say "MPLS service" and its pros and cons compared to Internet service.
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About TCO Certification
Teracom is a Gold Training Partner of the Telecommunications Certification Organization, authorized to administer exams for TCO certifications on the myTeracom Learning Management System and award TCO Certifications.
TCO Certification is proof of your knowledge of telecom, datacom and networking fundamentals, jargon, buzzwords, technologies and solutions.
It's backed up with a Certificate suitable for framing - plus a personalized Letter of Reference / Letter of Introduction detailing the knowledge your TCO Certification represents and inviting the recipient to contact Teracom for verification.
You may list Teracom Training Institute as a reference on your resumé if desired.
Getting your Certificate

Each course has a course exam, consisting of ten multiple-choice questions chosen at random from a pool and shuffled in order. Passing the course exams proves your knowledge of these topics and results in your certification as a Certified Telecommunications Network Specialist.

Your Certificate and Letter of Reference / Letter of Introduction will be immediately available for download from your Dashboard in the myTeracom Learning Management System. You may also order a signed and sealed Certificate by airmail.
Choosing the "Unlimited Plan" at registration allows you to repeat courses and/or exams at no additional charge – which means guaranteed to pass if you're willing to learn.
Alternatively, if you like this discounted package of courses, but don't need the certification – or don't feel like writing exams – no problem! Take the package and simply skip the exams.
Benefits of Certification for Individuals

One benefit of TCO certification is differentiating yourself from the rest of the crowd when applying for a job or angling for a promotion.

The knowledge you gain taking Teracom's Online Courses, confirmed with TCO Certification, is foundational knowledge in telecommunications, IP, networking and wireless: fundamental concepts, mainstream technologies, jargon, buzzwords, and the underlying ideas - and how it all fits together.
This type of knowledge and preparation makes you an ideal candidate to hire or promote to a task, as you will be able to build on your knowledge base to quickly get up to speed and work on a particular project - then have the versatility to work on subsequent projects.
TCO Certification will help demonstrate you have this skill... a desirable thought to have in your potential manager's mind.
Benefits of Certification for Employers
Take advantage of these courses for individual learning, a team, or for an entire organization. The scalable myTeracom Learning Management System can register and manage all of your people through their courses, lessons and exams, and generate management reports showing progress and scores with the click of a button.
For larger organizations, the courses and exams can also be licensed and deployed on an organization's internal LMS.

Teracom certification packages are an extremely cost-effective way of implementing consistent, comprehensive telecommunications and networking technology fundamentals training, ensuring that both existing resources and new hires are up to the same speed, with a common vocabulary, framework and knowledge base.

The course exams provide concrete measurements of competency in key knowledge areas. Management can view the progress and results of all team members and export the results to Excel with the click of a button.
These reports identify skills deficiencies and strengths, and provide tangible proof of return on investment and team readiness for reports to upper management.
Based on Teracom's proven instructor-led training courses developed and refined over twenty years providing training for organizations including AT&T, Verizon, Bell Canada, Intel, Microsoft, Cisco, Qualcomm, the CIA, NSA, IRS, FAA, US Army, Navy, Marines and Air Force and hundreds of others, Teracom online courses are top-notch, top-quality and right up to date with the topics and knowledge you need.

Get started today to make this invaluable addition to your knowledge and skills!     

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